En el presente estudio nos proponemos analizar y valorar críticamente una serie de caracterizaciones que permiten reconocer la evolución de la noción de bioética durante las primeras décadas del desarrollo de la disciplina. Más precisamente, a través del análisis comparativo de las definiciones y descripciones seleccionadas, procuraremos poner de manifiesto el progresivo avance hacia nociones más amplias e integradoras que intentan evitar tanto la reducción de la disciplina a un ámbito o a un aspecto determinado como la restricción de la (...) significación del nombre “bioética” a un mero núcleo paradigmático. Comenzaremos con el análisis de algunas caracterizaciones que expresan una noción de bioética más restringida en cuanto al campo o ámbito propio abordando, en un segundo momento, el estudio de otras que responden, en principio, a una noción más integral. (shrink)

El artículo estudia el envío del Hijo y del Espíritu Santo a los justos tal y como son tratados por Agustín en "De Trinitate" 4, 20 y 2, 5, resaltando las misiones visibles y sus diversas implicaciones, así como los capítulos 17 al 19 del Libro XV, para explicar la vinculación del Espíritu Santo al amor fraterno.

Con ocasión de la aparición de la edición española (2019) de la obra The Virtues in Medical Practice (1993) de Pellegrino y Thomasma, se ofrece un estudio pormenorizado y crítico de la parte teórica que la preside, en el que se puntualiza su objetivo, así como su contenido y el orden de los capítulos que la componen. Dicho estudio está precedido por tres acercamientos convergentes referidos al estado de la refl exión sobre ética médica al momento de la aparición de (...) la primera edición del libro, a su lugar en el conjunto de la obra escrita de E. Pellegrino, su autor principal, y al lugar de esta parte en la estructura de conjunto del libro. Para Pellegrino es fundamental dejar establecido desde el principio que la vida virtuosa es el principal recurso con el que cuenta el médico para contribuir a la sanación de su paciente. Por eso consagra el primer capítulo al concepto de virtud desde una perspectiva histórica. El siguiente capítulo estudia el vínculo entre virtudes, principios y deberes respondiendo al desafío de mostrar cómo se puede combinar la teoría de la virtud con elprincipialismo. La temática de la medicina como comunidad moral, sobre la que versa el tercer capítulo, se impone desde el momento en que las virtudes, los principios y los deberes de los médicos requieren de un soporte institucional adecuado para que su accionar se oriente sin desfallecer a los fines propios de la profesión. El capítulo cuarto estudia estos fi nes mostrando que no se reducen a la curación del paciente, sino que miran a su bien integral. Ante la vulnerabilidad del enfermo, la primera respuesta del profesional médico y de toda la comunidad a la que pertenece será la benefi cencia en la confianza. (shrink)

Plotinus’ thought is generally viewed as a “system”, the One’s system, wich embraces and considers the Totality as such, as a whole, ruled by the metaphysical law of the unity. Scholars as É. Bréhier, J. Moreau, G. Reale, J. Igal, A. H. Armstrong... agree to it. The present study tries to make explicit and interpret it, examining some basic features, or general traits, wich reveal the Plotinian doctrine from this same point of view. Therefore, the systematic side of Plotinus’ thought (...) is here viewed as the really suitable mode, way or “mothodology” to think the Totality as a supreme unity, and to express the One’s ontology as a perfect whole. According to this interpretation, the system reflects the “synoptical” view of its same content, and shows it as the One’s “presence” in the whole reality and in the Plotinus’ intuitive mind, developed through an ordered series of concepts, in view of the mystical experience, to the union with the One, as the final goal. (shrink)

The goal of this study was to introduce a model explaining how managers' attitudes, subjective norms, attributions, and the individualism-collectivism cultural dimension affect the way managers' deal with employee bribery in organizations. Twenty-six internal and external attributions related to bribery were identified through a series of structured interviews with 65 subject matter experts. These attributions, together with the other variables in the model, were evaluated by 354 Ecuadorian managers. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that attitudes and external attributions significantly predicted managers' (...) intentions to discipline employees who accepted a bribe. In addition, external attributions mediated the relationship between individualism-collectivism and intent to discipline corrupt employees. Implications for the management of bribery in Latin American organizations are discussed. (shrink)

En el escrito que aquí se rescata, publicado originalmente por la Universidad Nacional del Litoral en 1936, Vicente Fatone (Buenos aires, 1903-1962) concibe la danza y la arquitectura como modos privilegiados de acceso a lo absoluto. El filósofo argentino identifica la arquitectura como un infinito espacial y con una ascética, y a la danza, como infinito temporal, con una mística: mientras la primera es entendida como instauración de un mundo, la segunda es considerada como un ejercicio de libertad, que expresa (...) lo divino que habita en el ser humano a través de un principio dinámico. (shrink)

We present a mathematical approach to defeasible reasoning based on arguments. This approach integrates the notion of specificity introduced by Poole and the theory of warrant presented by Pollock. The main contribution of this paper is a precise, well-defined system which exhibits correct behavior when applied to the benchmark examples in the literature. It aims for usability rather than novelty. We prove that an order relation can be introduced among equivalence classes of arguments under the equi-specificity relation. We also prove (...) a theorem that ensures the termination of the process of finding the justified facts. Two more lemmas define a reduced search space for checking specificity. In order to implement the theoretical ideas, the language is restricted to Horn clauses for the evidential context. The language used to represent defeasible rules has been restricted in a similar way. The authors intend this work to unify the various existing approaches to argument-based defeasible reasoning. (shrink)

Resumen. La presente investigación busca diseñar un modelo estratégico de formación de servidores públicos que propicie el crecimiento personal y profesional, encaminado al servicio civil de carrera. Apoyándose en criterios, conceptos y estrategias propios de Administración del Capital Humano, y Aprendizaje Organizacional aplicándolas al contexto de la Administración Pública Estatal. Para alcanzar este propósito se realizó un diagnóstico con beneficios claros, que dan la oportunidad de pensar y dialogar sobre la estrategia, los objetivos, las personas y el futuro de la (...) Administración Pública Estatal Sinaloense desde una perspectiva del conocimiento. El trabajo de campo se realizó con personal que presta sus servicios en entidades y dependencias administrativas públicas pertenecientes al Poder Ejecutivo del Gobierno del Estado de Sinaloa. A través de un cuestionario, con una muestra de 400 individuos. Se han obtenido 29 indicadores cuyos valores reflejan donde reside el valor del Capital Humano. Así como una puntuación total alcanzada de 104 puntos, advirtiéndose que en el área de gestión del conocimiento, es necesario hacer “algo” para que esta administración, sea considerada como una organización que aprende en toda regla y que realiza una gestión del conocimiento de forma óptima y eficaz. Palabras claves. Administración pública, servidor público, competencias laborales. The present research pretends to design a strategic model to train public servants to help to develop both professional and personal growth, headed to civil service as a profession. Based on criteria, concepts and strategies from Human Capital Administration and Organizational Learning, applying these to the State Public Administration’s context. To achieve this goal, a diagnose took place with clear benefits, that give, to us all, the chance to think and discuss about strategies, objectives, people and future of the Sinaloa State Public Administration from a knowledge perspective. Fieldworkwas done by personnel that serve in administrative public entities and organizations that are part of the Executive Power of the Sinaloa State Government. Through a questionnaire, with a sample of 400 individuals, there was a result of 29 indicators, and its values reflect where the importance of the Executive Power of the Sinaloa State Government lies, as well as a reached total score of 104 points. Noting that in the knowledge promotion area it is necessary to do something so this administration would be considered an organization that learns with every rule and performs a knowledge management in an optimum and efficient way. Keywords. Public administration, civil servant, labor competitions. (shrink)

O artigo – desde uma perspectiva da educação como direito humano universal que reconhece a diversidade – realiza um recorrido panorâmico por uma série de dimensões da educação intercultural no ensino superior do Chile, especialmente universitária, discute criticamente a situação atual da interculturalização na universidade – entendida genericamente – e conclui com algumas perguntas que podem orientar pesquisas ou decisões que levem a que o ensino superior considere os direitos indígenas, permita a expressão de sua cultura, promova a interculturalidade, forme (...) os técnicos e profissionais que requerem o desenvolvimento da sociedade e das comunidades e enriqueça a docência e a ciência com outros paradigmas de conhecimento. Desse modo, que reconheça e valide a interculturalidade e os aportes das culturas indígenas a sua identidade, formação e produção de conhecimento. Trata das comunidades e dos estudantes indígenas em geral, mas aprofunda a situação desde o povo mapuche, embasando-se em projetos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento e em experiências em e desde a Região da Araucanía. A proposta se centra na ideia de que o direito à educação, desde a lei e inconstitucionalidade atual, se centra no sistema escolar formal de ensino básico e médio e não considera a educação superior ou a um sistema de educação continuado como direito universal, no qual poderia se especificar uma condição especial aos estudantes indígenas. Por isso, hoje se luta pela igualdade de oportunidades de inclusão entre indígenas e não indígenas. Palavras-chave: Ensino Superior. Interculturalidade. Cultura mapuche. (shrink)

This paper offers an exposition of Husserl's mature philosophy of mathematics, expounded for the first time in Logische Untersuchungen and maintained without any essential change throughout the rest of his life. It is shown that Husserl's views on mathematics were strongly influenced by Riemann, and had clear affinities with the much later Bourbaki school.

Resumo: Os escritos estéticos de Lukács durante a emigração na URSS constituem uma súmula de seu posicionamento contra o despotismo stalinista e a ortodoxia soviética. A despeito das “autocríticas protocolares”, os textos expressam a crítica interdita pelo dogmatismo e o sectarismo característicos do período e irão repercutir a preocupação do autor de que a Estética e Para uma Ontologia do Ser Social, fossem consideradas como sua contribuição à urgência da construção de um projeto de renovação e renascimento do marxismo.

The pandemic has exposed the costs of job and income losses. Emergency cash transfers can mitigate the worst immediate effects on people who lack access to safety nets. This research note provides estimates for a potential Temporary Basic Income for poor and near-poor people across 132 developing countries, as well as the minimum cost of income support sufficient to mitigate the pandemic-induced poverty increase. The total monthly cost of the TBI ranges 0.27–0.63% of developing countries’ combined GDP, depending on the (...) choice: top-ups on each country’s average incomes up to a vulnerability threshold; transfers based on each country’s median standard of living; or uniform transfers. This note argues that some form of TBI is within reach and can inform a larger conversation about how to build comprehensive social protection systems that make the poor and near-poor more resilient to economic downturns in the future. (shrink)

Alumnos con discapacidad: modelo de inclusión de la Universidad Federal de San Carlos Resumen: El objetivo fue describir cómo funciona el programa de inclusión para alumnos con discapacidad en la Universidad Federal de San Carlos, en Brasil. Es una investigación cualitativa con análisis del discurso de cuatro entrevistas semiestructuradas con alumnos con discapacidad, investigadores especialistas y gestores. Los principales resultados muestran que no es suficiente trabajar sobre los ejes de atención a estos estudiantes sino se analizan y evalúan las funciones (...) de los actores involucrados en el proceso de inclusión. Es necesaria una estructura que promueva cambios culturales en la comunidad universitaria, de otro modo, las barreras actitudinales siguen siendo uno de los principales límites para estos alumnos. Palabras clave: Educación Superior; Discapacidad; Educación Especial; Educación Inclusiva. Alunos com deficiência: modelo de inclusão na Universidade Federal de São Carlos Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever o funcionamento do programa de inclusão para alunos com deficiência na Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa com base na análise do discurso de quatro entrevistas semiestruturadas com alunos com deficiência, pesquisadores especializados e gestores. Os resultados centrais mostram que não é suficiente trabalhar sobre os eixos principais de atenção a estes alunos, que deve-se analisar e avaliar as funções dos atores envolvidos no processo de inclusão, e é preciso uma estrutura que motive uma mudança cultural na comunidade universitária, caso contrário, as barreiras atitudinais continuam sendo limites principais para estes alunos. Palavras-chave: Ensino Superior; Deficiência; Educação Especial; Educação Inclusiva. Students with disabilities: inclusion model of Federal University of São Carlos Abstract: The objective of the study is to describe the inclusion program for students with disability in the Federal University of São Carlos, in Brazil. A qualitative study based on discourse analysis of four semi-structured interviews with students with disability, specialist researchers, and managers. The main results shows that is not enough to focus on the principal subjects of inclusive education, instead, it’s necessary to analyze responsibilities of every actor involved in the inclusion process, motivation based structure is needed towards a cultural change. Otherwise, attitudinal barriers of the university community continue to be one of the principal limits for these students. Key words: Higher Education; Disability; Especial Education; Inclusive Education. Data de registro: 04/03/2020 Data de aceite: 28/08/2020. (shrink)

Recent work in formal semantics suggests that the language system includes not only a structure building device, as standardly assumed, but also a natural deductive system which can determine when expressions have trivial truth-conditions (e.g., are logically true/false) and mark them as unacceptable. This hypothesis, called the `logicality of language', accounts for many acceptability patterns, including systematic restrictions on the distribution of quantifiers. To deal with apparent counter-examples consisting of acceptable tautologies and contradictions, the logicality of language is often paired (...) with an additional assumption according to which logical forms are radically underspecified: i.e., the language system can see functional terms but is `blind' to open class terms to the extent that different tokens of the same term are treated as if independent. This conception of logical form has profound implications: it suggests an extreme version of the modularity of language, and can only be paired with non-classical---indeed quite exotic---kinds of deductive systems. The aim of this paper is to show that we can pair the logicality of language with a different and ultimately more traditional account of logical form. This framework accounts for the basic acceptability patterns which motivated the logicality of language, can explain why some tautologies and contradictions are acceptable, and makes better predictions in key cases. As a result, we can pursue versions of the logicality of language in frameworks compatible with the view that the language system is not radically modular vis-a-vis its open class terms and employs a deductive system that is basically classical. (shrink)

Spinoza distinguishes two orders of knowledge: an order conceived by the intellect, that is, the necessary order of nature and another order conceived by the imagination, that is, the common order of nature in which the contingent and the possible dwell. However, the common order is not only a deprivation of knowledge, but also a reality for the finite mode. Because we cannot exclude the existence of the common order, this paper attempts to understand how we can reconcile it with (...) the necessary order. Spinoza’s critique of imagination is that it introduces fragmentation and discontinuity into nature, since it is a kind of knowledge that does not realize the basis of this continuity: the necessary order. Through an analysis of time as a product of imagination, we will try to show how it introduces the idea of contingency and consequently that of possible. Just as time, the common order can be grasped by reason as an outer frame, it will no longer be an obstacle to the necessary chain of things in the necessary order. It is through the necessary order that we can realize the necessity that underlies the production of time, possible, and contingency as the corruptibility of all particular things. (shrink)

Este trabajo comienza ofreciendo, a modo de «status quaestionis», una panorámica de la atención que se ha prestado a la obra ensayística de Sánchez Ferlosio, desde las lecturas propuestas en los años noventa del siglo pasado por autores del círculo de nuestro autor hasta los estudios y artículos aparecidos tras su muerte, en 2019. A continuación, se presentan algunas aportaciones relevantes de Ferlosio al pensamiento contemporáneo. Concretamente, se analiza el «aprecio por lo perecedero» como uno de estas aportaciones y, además, (...) se explica cómo este aprecio surge en el marco de una «actitud reflexiva ante el lenguaje». Por último, se procede a un balance crítico de las posiciones de Sánchez Ferlosio con respecto a los asuntos mencionados. (shrink)

: In this paper I will examine two conceptions of philosophy that were defended in Latin America during the last century. I believe that both models have to be put away and that we must build a new one, recovering elements of both of them. At the end of my paper I will consider very briefly what can we learn from this in order to construct a genuine philosophical dialogue between the United States and Latin America.

KOINONIA/ASETT MINGA/MUTIRÃO DE REVISTAS DE TEOLOGIA LATINO-AMERICANAS Teología de la Liberación y movimiento ecuménico: breve reflexión desde una práctica (Liberation Theology and ecumenical movement: a brief reflection from praxis).